+ (String Concatenation) (Transact-SQL)

THIS TOPIC APPLIES TO: SQL Server (starting with 2008)Azure SQL DatabaseAzure SQL Data Warehouse Parallel Data Warehouse

An operator in a string expression that concatenates two or more character or binary strings, columns, or a combination of strings and column names into one expression (a string operator). For example SELECT 'book'+'case'; returns bookcase.

Transact-SQL Syntax Conventions

Syntax

Code

-- Syntax for SQL Server, Azure SQL Database, Azure SQL Data Warehouse, Parallel Data Warehouse  

expression + expression  

Arguments

expression
Is any valid expression of any one of the data types in the character and binary data type category, except the image, ntext, or text data types. Both expressions must be of the same data type, or one expression must be able to be implicitly converted to the data type of the other expression.

An explicit conversion to character data must be used when concatenating binary strings and any characters between the binary strings. The following example shows when CONVERT, or CAST, must be used with binary concatenation and when CONVERT, or CAST, does not have to be used.

Code

DECLARE @mybin1 varbinary(5), @mybin2 varbinary(5)  
SET @mybin1 = 0xFF  
SET @mybin2 = 0xA5  
-- No CONVERT or CAST function is required because this example   
-- concatenates two binary strings.  
SELECT @mybin1 + @mybin2  
-- A CONVERT or CAST function is required because this example  
-- concatenates two binary strings plus a space.  
SELECT CONVERT(varchar(5), @mybin1) + ' '   
   + CONVERT(varchar(5), @mybin2)  
-- Here is the same conversion using CAST.  
SELECT CAST(@mybin1 AS varchar(5)) + ' '   
   + CAST(@mybin2 AS varchar(5))  

Result Types

Returns the data type of the argument with the highest precedence. For more information, see Data Type Precedence (Transact-SQL).

Remarks

The + (String Concatenation) operator behaves differently when it works with an empty, zero-length string than when it works with NULL, or unknown values. A zero-length character string can be specified as two single quotation marks without any characters inside the quotation marks. A zero-length binary string can be specified as 0x without any byte values specified in the hexadecimal constant. Concatenating a zero-length string always concatenates the two specified strings. When you work with strings with a null value, the result of the concatenation depends on the session settings. Just like arithmetic operations that are performed on null values, when a null value is added to a known value the result is typically an unknown value, a string concatenation operation that is performed with a null value should also produce a null result. However, you can change this behavior by changing the setting of CONCAT_NULL_YIELDS_NULL for the current session. For more information, see SET CONCAT_NULL_YIELDS_NULL (Transact-SQL).

If the result of the concatenation of strings exceeds the limit of 8,000 bytes, the result is truncated. However, if at least one of the strings concatenated is a large value type, truncation does not occur.

Examples

A. Using string concatenation

The following example creates a single column under the column heading Name from multiple character columns, with the last name of the person followed by a comma, a single space, and then the first name of the person. The result set is in ascending, alphabetical order by the last name, and then by the first name.

Code

-- Uses AdventureWorks  

SELECT (LastName + ', ' + FirstName) AS Name  
FROM Person.Person  
ORDER BY LastName ASC, FirstName ASC;  

B. Combining numeric and date data types

The following example uses the CONVERT function to concatenate numeric and date data types.

Code

-- Uses AdventureWorks  

SELECT 'The order is due on ' + CONVERT(varchar(12), DueDate, 101)  
FROM Sales.SalesOrderHeader  
WHERE SalesOrderID = 50001;  
GO  

Here is the result set.

------------------------------------------------

The order is due on 04/23/2007

(1 row(s) affected)

C. Using multiple string concatenation

The following example concatenates multiple strings to form one long string to display the last name and the first initial of the vice presidents at Adventure Works Cycles. A comma is added after the last name and a period after the first initial.

Code

-- Uses AdventureWorks  

SELECT (LastName + ',' + SPACE(1) + SUBSTRING(FirstName, 1, 1) + '.') AS Name, e.JobTitle  
FROM Person.Person AS p  
    JOIN HumanResources.Employee AS e  
    ON p.BusinessEntityID = e.BusinessEntityID  
WHERE e.JobTitle LIKE 'Vice%'  
ORDER BY LastName ASC;  
GO  

Here is the result set.

Name Title

------------- ---------------

Duffy, T. Vice President of Engineering

Hamilton, J. Vice President of Production

Welcker, B. Vice President of Sales

(3 row(s) affected)

D. Using large strings in concatenation

The following example concatenates multiple strings to form one long string and then tries to compute the length of the final string. The final length of resultset is 16000, because expression evaluation starts from left that is, @x + @z + @y => (@x + @z) + @y. In this case the result of (@x + @z) is truncated at 8000 bytes and then @y is added to the resultset, which makes the final string length 16000. Since @y is a large value type string, truncation does not occur.

Code

DECLARE @x varchar(8000) = replicate('x', 8000)
DECLARE @y varchar(max) = replicate('y', 8000)
DECLARE @z varchar(8000) = replicate('z',8000)
SET @y = @x + @z + @y
-- The result of following select is 16000
SELECT len(@y) AS y
GO

Here is the result set.

y

-------

16000

(1 row(s) affected)